Personal Narrative †Atheist Essay - 1159 Words

Personal Narrative – Atheist I didnt ask for the pastor to come over. I would have much rather been left alone to watch daytime TV. True, I was beginning to feel I little isolated, but some sissy-voiced holy man I hardly knew wasnt going to make me feel any better. But it was standard policy to notify the church when one of its fold has been hospitalized, for prayer requests and all that mush, and when the pastor heard that I was already home, he felt obligated to visit, as if seeing my swollen, drooling face was somehow doing me a favor. If only I could have had the surgery a year ago, when I still believed in God, but the surgeon made me wear these braces first, buying me plenty of time to attend my freshman year of college.†¦show more content†¦But the power of Christ compels me to remember a cold white room where I, wrapped in a cocoon of blankets, lying on a gurney surrounded by medical equipment, was nervously awaiting the anesthesiologist. I must admit I felt a wash of relief when a nun in plain clothes arrived to give the procedure Gods blessing. After the surgery, I noticed a wooden crucifix on the wall of the recovery room. The crucifix had a little featureless brass Jesus that looked like a ghost from where I lay, and when the nurses injected me with the pain killers He would jump from His cross and fly around the room like a candle flame with a mind of its own. Id never had a beef against Jesus. Just like Santa Claus, He was a real person once, and I dont think He expected His life to have impacted the world as much as it did. I mean anyone would be stunned to learn that gun-toting right-wing bullfrog-throated hillbillies were worshipping you almost two thousand years into the future. Jesus was just a simple madman who helped the sick, much like the plainclothes nun, and in the end He was put to sleep like a mad dog. No, it was God that I had the problem with, an insane God who thought that having His Son whacked was the best idea He ever had. The doorbell rang. Mom stuffed the rest of my dirty clothes into the closet, saying That must be him. As she disappeared into the hallway, I quickly grabbed aShow MoreRelatedPolitics Of The Polarized Classroom Essay1666 Words   |  7 Pagesclass, the latter being a self-professed atheist. Simply put, the professor claimed that it was stupid to believe in God because there was no empirical proof of God. The young man, however, wittily retorts that since the class really had no empirical proof of the professor’s brain, then they really had no business believing him. The same trope is basically used in a more elaborated rendition in the recent Christian film God’s Not Dead (2014). There, an atheist professor challenges a Christian studentRead MoreConflict Is Caused by Fear Essay examples802 Words   |  4 Pagesis a set of dynamics and is rarely one-dimensional, stemming from manifold human fears. The Size of the Sky, by Jenny Pausacker is a narrative that engages an ex cessive diversity of conflict, yet not one of these is physical. This essay will discuss why fear is often the prime instigator of conflict, in particular the fear of losing one’s identity, fear for personal safety that creates conflict and fear from false perceptions. One of the most common fears that surfaces as a cause of conflict isRead MoreThe Fire Next Time By James Baldwin869 Words   |  4 Pagesscope to illustrate the emotional complexity of black life in America. Some parts of the text portray characteristics of a faithful letter while some indicate that Coates is speaking to larger audience. One of the moment which shows that it is a personal letter is revealed after the non-indictment of Darren Wilson in the death of Michael Brown as Coates addresses his son one on one: â€Å"†¦You stayed up till 11 pm that night, waiting for the announcement of an indictment, and when instead it was announcedRead MoreInspire, The, And Inspire The Believers Essay1157 Words   |  5 Pagesthe next issue of Dabiq. The themes of conversion and joining the Islamic State are constant themes. â€Å"How I Came to Islam† and â€Å"Interview† with Abu Sa’d at-Trinidadi are accounts of Christian converts to Islam who have joined th e IS, including personal recollections of the hypocrisy of Christians. Unlike the al-Qaeda magazines, in which many authors who are still alive use pseudonyms, most of the articles in Dabiq do not list an author. The cover story called â€Å"Breaking the Cross,† analyzes theRead MoreEssay on Learning the Hard Way- Personal Narrative538 Words   |  3 PagesLearning the Hard Way- Personal Narrative We live our lives working in order to achieve peace within ourselves, a sense of accomplishment and happiness. The experiences and relationships that we develop along the way help to make us who we are. Weather they are good or bad, we like to believe that knowledge is gained from the people we meet and the decisions made. I have heard it said that it is suppose to be the journey that is truly important in our lives, not theRead MoreMartel s Life Of Pi1879 Words   |  8 Pagesbased on empirical evidence to back up ant claims made. This can be used as an example towards the narrative that uses the notion of belief as being the main focus of the novel rather than it being just religious belief that comes through Life of Pi, where â€Å"Martel gives the reader the democratic choice: the desire to believe rather than the belief itself † (Stephens 41). Martel does not invoke any personal discovery onto Pi while on the lifeboat, there are no longer any discussions about morality. ThoughRead MoreAnalysis Of Frederic Bartlett s Theory1711 Words   |  7 PagesMethodology 4.1 Data The data used for analysis is Richard Dawkins’ polemical book The God Delusion, first published in 2006; and it typically represents the author’s worldview – science-based atheism. Dawkins is a world-known evolutionary biologist and atheist who holds an absolute belief in Darwinism and who categorically despises religion-bound creationism. Analysis will be restricted to the introductory part of Dawkins’ book, that is, its preface. The rationale for this restriction can be ascribed toRead MoreThe Christmas Holiday From The Federal Calendar852 Words   |  4 Pagestelevision and is the driving influence of many countries. â€Å"Beginning in the early 1950s and until the mid-eighties, when American broadcasting fell prey to deregulation and a host of other perils, mainstream Christion denominations often had their own narrative beachhead on weekly television. As mandated by the community service provisions of the Federal Communications Act of 1934 religious themed network series were common† (Cullum 221) In contrast today, there are a couple of networks that are solelyRead MoreMy Journey From Non-Belief To Trenchant Atheism Began With1256 Words   |  6 Pagesthan a force, as a personal, relational God who loves humans. â€Å"It’s not an outlandish idea, even if you yourself don’t believe it.† No, taken in such vague, subjective terms, I suppose it is not outlandish. But believing in some sort of creator, or personal God, is not equivalent in believing in fully fledged Christianity. For instance, the Nicene Creed, or profession of the faith, involves adherence to the virgin birth, the divinity of Jesus, the resurrection/salvation narrative, the holy spiritRead More`` Yellow Wallpaper `` And Susan Glaspell s Trifles1130 Words   |  5 Pagesseverely psychotic breaks from reality. Both women are caught in joyless marriages to insensitive, sometime domineering husbands. Ironically, if each character could have switched places with the other, she would have gotten the stimulus needed for personal growth and happiness. Each main character finds herself in circumstances dictated at least in part by her socio-economic status. The husband and wife in Gilman’s story are upper middle class. Although they have just rented a large estate for

Pangaea the Ancient Supercontinent Free Essays

Pangaea: The Ancient Supercontinent Throughout Earth’s history, fragments of continental crust have floated across the planet’s surface, pushed and pulled by plate tectonic motion. At times in the geologic past, these fragments (what we may now call continents) came together to form one large supercontinent, only to be broken apart once again by tectonic forces. The cycle of supercontinent construction and destruction took hundreds of millions of years. We will write a custom essay sample on Pangaea: the Ancient Supercontinent or any similar topic only for you Order Now The most recently created supercontinent was Pangaea, which came into being about 300 million years ago. Panthalassa, a giant ocean, surrounded it. In just 100 million years, though, Pangaea began to break apart. Tectonic forces created a north-south rift in the super-continent, separating it into two new continents, Laurasia and Gondwanaland. As the new continents separated, the rift filled in with water, eventually becoming the present-day Atlantic Ocean. Laurasia, composed of the present-day continents of Asia, Europe, and North America (Greenland), occupied the northern hemisphere. Gondwanaland, composed of the present-day continents of Africa, Antarctica, Australia, and South America, occupied the southern hemisphere. The subcontinent of India was also part of Gondwanaland. By 135 million years ago, the breakup of Laurasia and Gondwanaland was underway, leading to the present-day locations of the continents. The forces that formed Pangaea, then broke it apart, are still at work. North America, South America, and Greenland are all moving westward. Australia, India, and the western part of Africa are all moving northward. Europe and Asia are moving eastward. The Atlantic Ocean is becoming larger, and the Pacific Ocean is becoming smaller. Although impossible to know when, at some point in the future, millions of years from now, the continents may well come together to form yet another super-continent. Beginning some 1,800 miles (2,900 kilometers) beneath the surface and extending to a depth of 3,960 miles (6,370 kilometers), the very center of the planet, is Earth’s core. Composed of the metal elements iron and nickel, the core has a solid inner portion and a liquid outer portion. Scientists estimate that temperatures in the core exceed 9,900Â °F (5,482Â °C), creating extreme heat energy. Were this energy not released in some manner, Earth’s interior would melt. Circulating currents, called convection currents, carry the energy to the surface of the planet, where it is released. It is the release of this energy underneath the lithosphere that leads to the formation of the major geologic features on the surface of the planet. How to cite Pangaea: the Ancient Supercontinent, Papers

Transitions free essay sample

My dad died when I was ten. That was the first domino to fall. Then my mom took over his business and in her spare time, escaped her accumulating problems by focusing on religion. Since her attention was elsewhere, her six kids had to take care of themselves. We struggled in different ways to overcome the loss of our father and partial loss of our mother. One got depressed; another would find any reason to quarrel; another became quiet. My three-year-old brother tried to cheer us all up, not really knowing why we were sad. I drowned my thoughts in books. I would finish a book, and within two days, pick up a new one. Over time, I began experimenting: jumping through different eras, getting to know significant figures, and experiencing hundreds of different lives. With those lives came important lessons. Lessons no one had taught me. I admired Matilda’s love for knowledge, Sarah Crewe’s self-discipline, Peter Pan’s love for life, Jo March’s want for self-ful fillment, Jane Eyre’s determined virtue, and Oliver Twist’s humbleness. We will write a custom essay sample on Transitions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I began to apply them to my life. I became extra aware of my flaws and tried to fix them. I knew that there wouldn’t be anyone there to tell me what I should and shouldn’t do. Fictional characters with similar challenges became my role models. In the meantime, I saw things my family needed. When one was sick, I would stay up all night with them. When my little brother needed attention, I would delay my homework to play with him. When my little sister needed boy advice, I would listen for hours. When everyone had stayed up at night, I would wake up early and make school lunches; and so on. After a while I forgot that, just like my family, I needed to help myself. To be honest, I’m still transitioning. That is why I’m going to college away from home. I need to find myself. The ‘self’ which can only be found away from my family. Books have taught me that Im ready to live the next chapter of my life.

Report on a Social Business Opportunity

Competition creates interest and ignites curiosity among people. In the pursuit of demand, most of the entrepreneurs strive to gain a competitive advantage over the others to bring in revenues for their company.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Report on a Social Business Opportunity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, when it comes to not-for-profit organizations, profits cannot be regarded as the focus of an organization. The main purpose of this report is to introduce my model of fighting with environmental pollution through engaging universities and colleges in competition for the enhancing their loyalty, image, and recognition all over the world. Hence, competition, interest, and ambitions of both educators and students to prove their competency will be the basement for organizing an online web site. Judging from the above-presented report, the target audience will involve a vast group of educators, fac ulties’ managerial staff, students, and other on-campus community. In such a manner, it will be possible to integrate innovative propositions in the shortest possible time because students and educators of one educational establishment will struggle to offer their innovative solutions faster than other educational establishments. What is more important is that students will be more encouraged by their educations to conduct research studies on the environmental problems, particularly on the problem of global climate change and ecological problems. Many environmental problems could also touch on other subject matters, including politics, economics, marketing, culture, and history. Thus, students will be able to widen their knowledge and be more motivated by their grades.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In their turn, educators will develop new programs and reforms on en hancing students’ involvement into active participation in a competition to sustain the respectable image among other colleges and universities. Apart from educational opportunities and option for self-development and growth, students could have an ability to share their experience with other students so as to create a collaborative project on improving environment, reducing waste, and restricting deforestation. Online space, therefore, is a perfect platform for exchanging ideas and contributing to the social welfare of the world community. Hence, the online website acting as a communicational channel between the organization and the environment will meet the requirement of environmental improvement (Bygrave Zacharakis 2008). In particular, the website will contain information about the main scope and objectives of the not-for-profit organization, as well as information about the universities and colleges involved into problem solving. There will also be a page presenting th e information about the establishments whose projects were approved and who became the first-ranked among other listed colleges and universities. Students and educators can freely post their propositions, but those who post similar propositions later will not be considered. In such a way, the competition spirit will be created. The given strategic model has also of risks and challenges that could be overcome gradually. In particular, the website should define strategies to appeal to wider audience and encourage them be creative, enthusiastic, and creative.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Report on a Social Business Opportunity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to solve this problem, it is possible to conduct an advertising campaign through posting information in famous social networks, including MySpace, Facebook, and Twitter. As soon as the project will be approved, the organization will seek investors and sponsors who will be ready to fund the project accomplishment. Therefore, the given campaign can expand the parties interested in the overall welfare of our planet, as well as increase stability and cooperation all over the world. It also integrate a complex of approaches to developing innovative programs. Reference List Bygrave, WD, Zacharakis, A 2008, Entrepreneurship, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ. This essay on Report on a Social Business Opportunity was written and submitted by user Millie Singleton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Common App College Essay Topics For the 2020-2020 Academic Year

Common App College Essay Topics For the 2020-2020 Academic YearCommon App College Essay Topics for the 2020-2020 academic year includes money and education. There are many different areas of study that go into the college education, but they do not have to be overly complex. These tips will help you write a great college essay, regardless of whether you are writing an honors essay, a research essay, or even a college essay topic that is simply meant to fulfill some requirement.One of the best ideas for common app essays is to be specific about the subject that you are going to write about. Most people are able to write a single paragraph about what they believe, and then say 'this is the reason I am choosing to major in this particular subject'. However, it can be difficult to get across the exact idea when you only give one small part of the whole story.Instead, a good tip for college essays is to show how your topics relate to another. The simplest way to do this is to break your t opics down into smaller topics that have something to do with each other. You should also use the same idea or theme within each of these small topic segments.If you choose to write about a single topic, it can be beneficial to choose an easy one. However, don't forget that you should also be as specific as possible about the topic, because there is a big chance that your topic is not unique enough to stand out. It can also be beneficial to choose a topic that you already know a lot about, in order to tie in the two concepts in a unique way.The main ideas that you should be focusing on include that you may be choosing to major in something because you have a passion for it, or because it is something that you will be truly passionate about. On the other hand, you may have chosen a particular subject because it will allow you to do your studies easier, or to be a better student. Whatever the reason is, always remember that you are just scratching the surface of the topic.One final pi ece of advice is to make sure that your writing flows well. The key to this is to ensure that there is a specific style that you have developed that is comfortable with you, without sacrificing the quality of your writing. Many people find that this takes some time to achieve, but once you do it will become second nature to you.Another of the best ideas for common app essays is to choose a topic that you are interested in. Even if you don't know too much about the topic, a small nod toward the topic will allow you to still come across as being knowledgeable. It will be helpful to read articles online, as well as watch videos that will help you understand the topic.Common App College Essay Topics for the 2020-2020 academic year includes ideas such as getting your degree because you love to learn, becoming a great writer, or because it will allow you to be more successful in life. Whatever the reason that you chose to get your degree, it is important to make sure that you use your ski lls in a way that will help others. Although you may be passionate about a particular topic, it will be beneficial to find one that can be expressed using an easier form of language.

Social Learning Theory and juvenile delinquency

Social Learning Theory and juvenile delinquency Introduction The purpose of this essay is to examine the empirical studies of the Social Learning Theory on juvenile delinquency. Juvenile delinquency entails the term that is used to explain to young people who have not attained majority age and are involved in committing crimes. Delinquency refers to the failure to follow laws that are set by the state.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Social Learning Theory and juvenile delinquency specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the sociological aspect of criminology, social interactions and individualism are the factors behind the juvenile delinquency. Usually, society does not exist as an island but rather different person interacts and this ensures that the society continues to exist. The social interaction theory and juvenile delinquency have been written extensively over the years and the studies have proved to be logically consistent and also useful in providing the empirical support. Thus, the studies play an important role of explaining all the social behaviors without which it is impossible to explain the causes of juvenile delinquency. The empirical studies of the Social Learning Theory on juvenile delinquency helps to provide an insight on the past, present as well as the future of criminology i.e. the study sheds light on the future directions of social interaction theory. The main aim of social interaction theories on juvenile delinquency is to explain how such social influences as religion, family and politics shapes a person over time. The social interaction theories on juvenile delinquency assume that interplay exists between an individual, the environment and delinquent acts. Explanatory concepts of social interaction theories on juvenile delinquency The social interaction theory on juvenile delinquency is comprised of four main explanatory concepts i.e. the differential association theory, definitions theory, imitatio n theory and differential reinforcement theory. Differentiation association theory is a social interaction theory that was formulated by Edwin Sutherland. According to this theory, people develops deviant behaviors by interacting and associating themselves with those who engages themselves in deviant behavior i.e. one can learn positive or negative behavior through interaction. Sutherland in his Differentiation Association Theory argued that juvenile delinquency is caused by observation and social interaction. According to this theory one is deemed to act in a deviant manner as a result of association with group members who favor juvenile delinquency than those members who value the societal norms. This theory, also argues that the familiy unit is the major source of learning behaviors.Thus,if ones’ familiy unit is made up of people who are engaged in deviant behaviors, then one is bound to develop the same kind of behaviors.Advertising Looking for research paper on c riminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Also,the theory argues that one learns certain norms and behaviors through the internet, mass media e.t.c. formulating the differential association theory, Sutherland used three concepts i.e. the culture conflict, cultural transmission theory and the ecological transmission theory. The culture conflict concept explains the presence of many crimes in the society and also the progress towards becoming a criminal. Sutherland’s theory is thus important as it helps to explain the juvenile delinquency in the society (Morrison, 1995, P.51). Definitions theory was developed by Aker and it refers to a person’s orientations, explanations, justifications e.t.c. that explains as to whether morally right or incorrect. Definitions theory of juvenile delinquency is thus the process whereby one evaluates the rightfulness or wrongness of a particular action. According to this theory. The law definitions may be specific or general i.e. a person may obey law generally and in turn violate specific provisions of the law. Definitions are comprised of behaviors that are learned as a result of interactions and other societal norms that conforms the delinquent acts. Specific definitions render one to act in a certain manner and the more one learns specific or general attitudes, the higher the chances of engaging in delinquency acts (Krohn et.al. 2009, P.104). Imitations theory of juvenile delinquency refers to the process whereby one imitates behavioral characteristics of others by observing them. The imitation theory of social delinquency was modeled by Gabriel Tarde who a French criminologist.Tarde was held the view that the regional differences that exists in crime rates are as a result of local variations i.e. alcoholism and poverty and not as a result of biological factors. Tarde also argued that juvenile delinquency is a lifestyle that is learned through social i nteraction.Tarde in his imitation laws argued that juvenile delinquency is a function of interacting with people who have deviant behaviors. With this regards, a criminal undergoes through phases of apprenticeship which is similar to that of a lawyer or a doctor. Tarde came up with three laws that provided an account for the imitations and juvenile delinquency. The first imitations law holds that people tends to imitate others when they are near one another. Thus, imitation is eminent in most cities and towns that are densely populated. The second imitation law holds that those people who are inferiors tend to imitate their superiors. With this regards, juvenile delinquency originates from the superiors and later on, descends to lower ranks.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Social Learning Theory and juvenile delinquency specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The third imitation law by Tarde holds that, it is poss ible to substitute fashions particularly when the two arises at the same time. The imitation theory of juvenile delinquency also held the view that crimes originates in the capital cities. For instance, carjacking, terrorist activities and other major crimes are prevalent in metropolitan cities as opposed to rural areas. Differential reinforcement theory of juvenile delinquency is concerned with the balance that exists between the punishments and rewards that occurs following a particular behavior. This balance plays a vital role in enabling individuals to behave in a particular manner.Thus,the more the rewards for juvenile delinquency, the higher the tendency to commit a crime and vice versa. Reinforcements and punishments can be nonsocial e.g. the direct consequences of alcoholism and drugs abuse. Causal factors of juvenile delinquency The youths use the social interactions among themselves as a means to commit crimes. The social interactions are a concern among many parents as th ey fear that their children may associate themselves in bad company and in turn commit delinquent acts. The social interaction among the deviant youths acts as a means through which the youths influence each other. The social learning theories that are presented by Akers, Sutherland and Marza explain that juvenile delinquencies occur in causal terms. The causal aspects of juvenile delinquency include the individual differences, social structures, cultural factors and social psychological (Burfeind, Bartusch, 2006, P.66).The individual differences includes the psychological and biological factors. Various studies of the social interaction theory on juvenile delinquency reveal that the familiy interaction plays an important role of promoting behaviors among young children. High strictness and low support contributes to juvenile delinquencies i.e. they causes an increase in post-punishment of the acts that were previously forbidden. Personality is interrelated with one’s suscep tibility to reward or punishment and therefore, the extraverts are usually less likely to acquire deviant behaviors. On the other hand, strong conditioning has the effect of causing inhibition of criminal behaviors particularly in environments that encourage juvenile delinquency.Thus,the success of social responsibility and socialized depends is largely dependent on ones’ conditionality. The studies have also considered IQ among offenders be the main reason behind juvenile delinquency (Kim, 2008, P.23). The social factors of juvenile delinquency include the inequalities and opportunities. Poverty and inequality has the effect of frustrating young people and in-turn causing them to engage in criminal activities. This is due to the fact that, they usually feel that inequality exist between what other people have and what the youth believe they ought to have. According to social control theory, delinquency arises when the social bonds are broken.Advertising Looking for research paper on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Travis Hirsch in his analysis came up with four elements of social bonds of an individual i.e. attachment, commitment, involvement and belief. Attachment is made of such aspects as sensitivity and affection for others. According to Travis, commitment included such acts as investing in conventional societies. Involvement entails spending a considerable amount of time on conventional duties whereas the belief is the extent upon which the youths feel they should abide by the laws. According to Hirsch’s ,one is less likely to engage in criminal activities if he or she is strongly attached to the teachers or parents.Also,a child who has dedicated his or her effort and time in schools’ conventional activity is likely to conform and rarely engages in delinquent acts. However,Hirschi used empirical data that was obtained from the adolescents self reports in testing his analysis of juvenile delinquency and this made his work to be considered as unique.Aker also noted that Hirsc h’s’ work was unusual as far as juvenile delinquency is concerned (Sutherland et.al.1992,P.71). The cultural factors that have been considered as risk factors with regards to juvenile delinquency include such aspects as societal norms that promote violence in resolving disputes. Studies that demonstrated the risky factors that cause juvenile delinquency were first conducted in the early 20th century. The research was first done in the analysis by Breckinridge and Abbott in 1922 and later in the analysis by Healy in 1915.However, the research findings by Breckinridge, Abbott and Healy are newly repeated in the analysis by Loeber and Farrington in 1998.Healy in his study argued that juvenile delinquencies begins at childhood i.e. all confirmed delinquents starts their careers in their early years. Healy also noted that the repeated offenders have the greatest impact in the society as a result of their offending frequencies. Healy emphasized on the importance of beginning the treatment at an early period.Afterwards, Loeber and Farrington in their studies argued that juvenile delinquency arises through the interaction of the following factors i.e. individual, contextual, and situational as well as the community factor. They also pointed out that serious juvenile offenders starts to display their juvenile delinquency at childhood and thus there is need for early intervention.However, Loeber and Farrington in their studies contended that the juvenile offenders poses a greater challenge with regards to the juvenile justice policies due to the fact that they are responsible for virtually all the criminal activities in the society (Rosenheim, 2002, P.201-203). Juvenile delinquency and time With regards to the studies of social learning theory on juvenile delinquency history, there is a pattern that is revealed.Thus, the old studies of social learning theory on juvenile delinquency are usually discarded and they are deemed to be inadequate and outdated. Mu ch emphasis is given to new studies due to the reason that crime as well as juvenile delinquency are keep on changing with time.However, this concept is rarely studied systematically and the empirical studies of the social learning theory on juvenile delinquency have suggested that juvenile delinquency does not change with time. Primarily, juvenile delinquency involves property crimes rather than violence and its exhibited by males. Such activities usually start at a very early age and fully peaks at teenage. The delinquent acts are more common in children from poor background and in major cities and towns. As far as many young people engage in juvenile delinquency, only a few of them commits serious offenses regularly. This implies that juvenile delinquency have remained the same over the years (Bruce et.al. 2000, P.422). However, the conceptions regarding juvenile delinquency have greatly changes over the years even though the extent and nature of delinquent behaviors have remaine d them same. The reasons behind juvenile delinquency have largely been attributed the broken social bonds. However, the manner in which the theorists and researchers interpret data concerning the social learning theory on juvenile delinquency has changed (Bruce, et.al. 2000, P.33). Conclusion An empirical study of the social learning theory on juvenile delinquency reveals that several patterns have emerged over the past few years. The conceptions concerning juvenile delinquency have changed in that the past decade has seen criminals using guns in carrying out their criminal activities. There have been changes too regarding the reasons behind juvenile delinquency. The biological aspects such as IQ have however been considered as the main reason behind juvenile delinquency. The empirical study of the social learning theory on juvenile delinquency has found out that delinquent behaviors are strongly linked with family variables. The empirical studies revealed that delinquent behaviors begin at childhood but they have failed to explain the adult outcomes among the offenders. Reference List Bruce, D et.al. (2000). Juvenile delinquency: historical, cultural, and legal  Perspectives. Amststerdam: Elsevier. Burfeind, J. Bartusch, J. (2006). Juvenile delinquency: an integrated  Approach. London: Jones Bartlett Learning. Kim, H. (2008). Juvenile delinquency and youth crime.Hauppauge: Nova Publishers. Krohn, M. et al. (2009). Handbook on Crime and Deviance. Berlin: Springer. Morrison, W. (1995).Theoretical Criminology.London: Routledge. Rosenheim, M. (2002). A century of juvenile justice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Sutherland, E.et.al. (1992). Principles of Criminology. Maryland: Rowman Littlefield.

How a Forest Ecosystem is Defined

How a Forest Ecosystem is Defined Forest ecosystems are defined by a salient or common set of characteristics that make the forest ecology of a particular area unique. These very complex sets of forest conditions are studied by forest ecologists who try to isolate and classify the common structural patterns that continually reoccur in a particular forests environment. The perfect forest ecosystem is where simpler biotic communities live in the same approximate space with increasingly more complex biotic communities to each communities benefit. In other words, it is where many individual biotic communities symbiotically live in harmony with other biotic communities in perpetuity for the benefit of all neighboring forest organisms. Foresters have developed a somewhat limited classification based on plant climax types, or, the type of vegetative communities that would develop under idealized stable conditions over the long-term. These classifications are then named for the dominant overstory trees and key indicator plant species that live together in the understory. These classifications are necessary in the everyday practice of forest management. So, timber or cover types have been developed by forest scientists and resource managers from extensive sampling within vegetation zones that have similar elevational, topographic, and soil relationships. These forest/tree types have been neatly and nicely mapped for the largest forested areas in North America. Maps of these type classes are also created for single and multiple forests as part of a forest management plan. Unfortunately, these somewhat rudimentary forest ecosystem classifications do not completely define all flora and fauna biology that determine a true but complex forest ecosystem and certainly not the whole ecosystem itself. Forest Ecology Charles Darwin, famous for his Theory of Evolution, came up with a metaphor he called the tree of life. His Tree of Life imagery illustrates that there is but one common biological nature and origin and that all living species experience and must share space together. His enlightened studies ultimately fathered a new science called Ecology - from the Greek oikos meaning household - and following by necessity comes the study of forest ecology. All ecology deals with the organism and its place to live. Forest ecology is an ecological science dedicated to understanding the complete biotic and abiotic systems within a defined woodland area. A forest ecologist has to deal with basic biology and community population dynamics, species biodiversity, environmental interdependence and how they coexist with human pressures including aesthetic preferences and economic necessity. That person also must be trained to understand the nonliving principles of energy flow, water and gas cycles, weather and topographical influences that effect the biotic community. An Example of a Forest Ecosystem We would love to provide you with a neat description of the perfect forest ecosystem. It would be lovely to find forest ecosystems that are cataloged by similarity and nicely listed by region. Alas, ecosystems are dynamic living things and always subject to things like ecological aging, environmental catastrophe and population dynamics. Its like asking a physicist to seamlessly unify everything from the infinitely small to the infinitely large. The problem with defining a forest ecosystem is the variability of its size with a limited understanding of the systems within systems which are extremely complicated. A forest ecologists job is safe. Defining a forests size in a forest ecosystem that covers several states is completely different than one that occupies just several acres. You can readily see that there could be innumerable systems, depending on the definition of parameters and depth of each study. We may never know all there is to complete the study nor gather all the information necessary to our final satisfaction. We end with this definition of a forest ecosystem developed by the Convention of Biological Diversity: A forest ecosystem can be defined at a range of scales. It is a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their abiotic environment interacting as a functional unit, where trees are a key component of the system. Humans, with their cultural, economic and environmental needs are an integral part of many forest ecosystems.