Examples of Displacement in Literature

Examples of Displacement in Literature Place and displacement are always featured in post-colonial writings, whether its Derek Walcotts poem A far cry from Africa or powerful novels for example Heart of Darkness. This feature opens up a broader concept where post-colonial crisis of individuality comes into reality. When a novel carries elements of place and displacement, the theme of alienation is always reflected, this originates from a sense of displacement. The sense of displacement may have derived from migration, enslavement or even alterity which may be put forward by similarities or differences between different cultures. This concept was heavily reflected in Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad and Season of Migration to the North by Tayeb Salih. Both writers seem to be telling a tale about colonisation with their own interpretation of different experiences. Salihs novel revolves around the story of brilliant Mustafa Saeed, the novel indicates journey to the heart of light. Whereas, Conrads novel is a complete rever sal to Kurtzs journey to Congo and connotes a journey to heart of darkness. Both novels focus on geographical locations which have in some way shaped the individuals in the novel and perceived their emotions such of loathing and despair. It seems that both writers are searching for a true identity and avoiding the conflicts of other cultures. Their search is in the end a pointless and time wasting experience; nevertheless their experience of colonialism was all about corruption and greed. The concept of displacement is discovered by us (the readers) when Conrad instigated racism towards the Africans which was quite transparent. In contrast, Salih bravely expressed himself being misogynist, which is rather controversial in todays society-since men and women come across as being equal. The representation of the two continents in these novels is displayed in diverse ways to each other. In Conrads novel, the narrator expresses his opinion of River Thames being mournful gloom, brooding motionless. His description of England but darkness was here yesterday clearly reflects Conrads view as to how Romans once colonised England. The description gives an impression of England being wild: Here and there a military camp lost in a wilderness like a needle in a bundle of hay-cold, fog, tempests, disease, exile and death- death skulking in the air, in the water, in the bush. The metaphor is cleverly used here for camps being lost and its impossible to find them because of fog and exile. Here we discover Conrads first description of displacement from the evidence (as stated above). When Romans first arrived, England was seen as a displacement for people living there. In contrast Tayeb Salihs narrator describes Europe (where he studies) thus: I had lost for a time in a land whose fishes die of the cold. This clearly evokes a feeling of displacement he felt when he was in Europe-the feeling and emotions he got when he came back are complete reversal and it was an extraordinary moment of feeling for Europe. Later in the novel we come across the narrators feeling of alienation which evoked from displacement the trial into a conflict between two worlds, a struggle of which I was one of the victims. Here the narrator seems to be tied up between two worlds and trying to suggest that where he studied (Europe) is a different world to where he was born; his village. However, when he returns to his village, he seems to remember Europe, one possible reason could be he becomes attached to that world. This is quite evident in the novel I am from here- is not this reality enough?. I used to treasure within me the image of this little village, seeing it wherever I went with the eye of my imagination. Earlier in the novel his description of the village has drastically changed, because of the experiences that he came across in the village Over there is like here, neither better nor worse the narrator seems to come to a conclusion that world is the same theres no difference Europe is the same as his village. The concept of European being the dominant and powerful one is established in Edward Saids Orientalism (Is knowledge based idea in particular knowledgeknowlege and ideasisead of Asian cultures andnad languages.) In his book Said presents an argument argue of East being generated by western/European scholars who represent those cultures from a colonial point of view. Salih gives an impression of Africa is what Europeans make it. Which I think is a valid impression and its clearly evident in Conrads novel: They [the slaves] were dying slowly it was very clear. They were not enemies, they were not criminals, they were nothing earthly now inefficient, and were then allowed to crawl away and rest. These moribund shapes - Marlows description of African men and they are not treated humanely, thus Marlow describes them as less human. In one of his chapter he brilliantly says Orientalism was ultimately a political vision of reality whose structure promoted the difference between the familiar (Europe, West, us) and the strange (the Orient, the East, them). This is true to an extent if we base it upon both novels. When featuring the element of place and displacement in a colonial novel, it is always essential that the values of the place are considered; what effect do those values have on the character. In Heart of Darkness, Conrad mainly presents the values of Africa through the character and what view does the narrator have. In chapter one Conrad presents the narrators view of Africa They were dying slowly-it was very clearnothing but black shadows of disease and starvation (pg20). The whole passage gives an impression of African men as than human, as they the are mistreated and overworked slaves. Similar approachapproch is also seen further in the novel He was usefulthe evil spirit inside the boiler will get angrySo he sweated and fired up and watched the glass fearfully (pg 45). In this passage Conrads narrator, Marlow still doesnt consider them equally and compares them with animals a dog in a parody. The reason being for this is the man had no knowledgeknowlege of machinerymachinary bec ause for them its something new, thus they are dependent on thethr white men to train them. The white man took takes advantage of their lack of capacitycapcity and scares him by referringreferrring to the evil spirit. Not only the narrator in The Heart of Darkness doesnt respect the values of Africa nor the natives living there, the character of Kurtz, who is portrayed as a powerful, corrupt man, takes full advantage of these less capable men and treats them as slaves. Kurtz doesnt respect the Africans and treats them like childrenchidren who needs correction or help with anything He began with the argument that we whites, from the point of development we had arrived atBy simple exercise of our will we can exert a power for good (pg 61). Kurtz got the idea that before he went to Africa, the natives were living as uncivilised people which was then corruptedcorrpted by Kurtzs mission. On another surface level Kurtz, this wrotewuote also gives an impression of him believes that white men can revolutionisedrevolutioned Africa and bring goodness to the country as well as making African men more capable. Thus the Africans will see the white men as Gods showing them the path, which they will follow. Conrad seems to dismissdimiss the values of Africa and thus portrays the role of white men ruling over Africans at the time of when the novel was written. Africans were treated as slaves by the Europeans and white race at the time of slavery and the periodperoid of slavery was started long ago, during the 15th century. Throughout the novel Conrad refers to the natives as Savages, which shows his brutality towards them. This approachapproch was very evident in the novel when he refers to the Africans as Well if a lot of mysterious niggers armed with all kinds of fearful weapons (pg 23), another example unless the body of a middle-aged negro, with a bullet-hole. (pg 24) Both these quotes are very harsh and suggest that Conrad is being very racist towards the Africans. At the time, native Africansafricans were used to hearing such insulting names and because they werent treated equally as white men, this made them more weaker and less capable to stand for their self. Furthermorethemsel ves. Furtehrmore, the audience wouldnt find this racist besides England would expect something far more racism than this, as they ruled over them for hundredshunderds of years. This issue was consideredcondidered by many African Professors and one of the most effective approachesapproch to Conrads racism was seen by Chinua Achebe, Nigerian novelist and professor of African Literature. Achebe called Joseph Conrad a bloody racist (Knowles Moore 299), which he moderated in later printed versions to a thoroughgoing racist (Image 257). His view is contradictory, as some would agree with him. Simply because Conrad was very direct when he was referring to the Africans with the racist word, from the point of view of Africans he would definitelydefinately be classed as a racist. Achebe also said in his lecture that Marlow represents Africans as a part of the wilder- ness. He reduces them to fragmented body parts, limbs or rolling eyes (254). On the other hand, Marlow finds that an African who does something more than materializematerialise out of the evil jungle to scare him resembles a dog in a parody of breeches (Heart 38; Image 254). To an extent his argumentsar ugemts are clearly valid ones, the image of Africans portrayedportaryed by Conrad is very brutal and showssowss the narrators hostilityhostality towards Africans. On the other hand, from the point of view of Europeans Conrad would bebeen seen as racist. They would argue argure that Conrad only portrayed the events that occurredoccured during the time and at that time people wouldnt consider this as racism. However, from a point of view of 21st century generation, this would be considered as racism, such deference is more serious and sensitive;, people would be more careful and consider the affect of the word before saying it. In Salihs novel, Season of Migration to the North deals withiwth the values and culture of Sudan and how the narratornarrotor and other characterschracters develop their connection with the country they were born in. In the novel, Salih presents the NorthernNothern and Southern Sudan as very different to each other. The Northern Sudan is modernizedmordernised, in that theretheere are many facilities such afacelities sucha s hospitals, schools and other modern infrastructures. Thismordern indrsstructures. Which is contrasted with the narrators village in SouthernSouthewrn Sudan, where theres hardly a school for children. This conflict of Sudan is reflectedrefelcted in the novel by TayebTayed Salih and the novel givens an impression of traditional tradional Sudanese values being replaced by materialistic things and technology. Furthermore, in 1956 Sudan gained its independence and tension was on its peak between the north and the south due to differencesdiffernces in religion and ethnicity. In 1983, the war brakes out againagin between the Muslim north and Christian south. Now the Southern SudaneseSudanease have gained their independence and are allowed to choose between unity and secession. The second narrator, Mustafa Saeed like the first narrator feels alienatedaliented when hes in Europe to complete his study and I, over and above everything else, am a colonizer, I am the intruder whose fate must be decided (pg 94) like the narrator, Mustafa Saeeds comment evokes a feeling of displacement. This raises an argument that is Europe a hostile place for anyone like the narrator and Mustafa Saeed or whether its just your personal experience. ReferringReferrring to the values Sudan, Salih clearly reflectsreflets these values and tradition through the characters. Mustafa SaeedsSaeeds wife Hosna portraysportays the character of typical loyal wife, who keeps the tradition of a Muslimmuslim wife After Mustafa Saeed, she answered with a decisiveness that astonished me, I shall go to no man . Her character is completelycompletly opposite to Jean Morris, to whom Mustafa Saeed married and then killed her. Her character reflectsreflecst the values and culture of England or what he sees in her I was pleased she laughed so freely. Such a woman- there are many of her types in Europe- knows no fear; they accept life with gaiety and curiosity. And I am a thirsty desert, a wilderness of southernsourthern desires. This statement stereotypes the women and the way they approach men and Mustafa Saeed gives an impression of women being objectsojects in his eyes. Thus he compares himself to a prey, on a look out for any women. Furthermore, h es suggesting that he comes from a place which wild and full of desires and in this case his desires are sexual ones. These two women are complete reversal to each other, one is loyal portraysportays the value of Sudan and other portrays the careless European woman. The values of Europe are very differentdiffernt to Sudan, however it doesnt seem to be affecting Mustafa Saeed and yet he goes further with his desires. Frantz Fanons Black skin White masks is about the search of true identity, race and skin color.colour. There is a fact: White men consider themselves superior to black men. There is another fact: Black men want to prove to white men, at all costs, the richness of their thought, the equal value of their intellect. In his book he presents his personal experience and comments on other theories of psychologists.psychiologists. Fanon presented the idea that a person is criticizedcritised because of their native culture, they then become victims of inferiority complex, when they are put in the middle of a superior culture. Thus he believesbelievs that black men have to adopt white masks in order to become part of the superior culture. According to him, the best way to achieve this is to speak the language of that culture and by speaking the language, you need to understand the values and adopt the culture.cultre. So did Mustafa Saeed put on a white mask? To an extent, its its clearly evide nt from his desires which are not the values of Sudan. It seems that Mustafa Saeed valued the white culture so much above his original culture. However, this is arguable, as he might be trying to become part of what he believesbeleives a superior culture; thus he adopts its its language as well as culture. Next point: Marlow similarly adopts the culture of Africa or Kurtzs. Like Kurtz at the end he becomes corrupted and lies. Structure, language, form used in HOD and SOM to create effect Critical conclusion on both novels/or any parallelsparalells

Produce a detailed and linguistically well-informed

Produce a detailed and linguistically well- informed analysis of the editor's letter from Elle magazine (July 2012) which focuses on the process of ‘synthetic personalisation By harpur91 Produce a detailed and linguistically well-informed analysis of the editor's letter from Elle magazine Ouly 2012) which focuses on the process of ‘synthetic personalisation What I am going to look like, in relevance to the above question, is the process of synthetic personalisation in the magazine, ELLE (July 2012).I am therefore going to nclude work produced by Norman Fairclough and his ideas on this process, but also including lexical features, conversationalisation; in which can be spilt up into numerous features combined under this discourse. Firstly, however, I am going to have to understand the terms In order to produce a detailed and linguistically well- Informed analysis of the editors letter from said magazine. The first area I am going to focus on is Synthetic personalisation'.F airclough defined this concept as being â€Å"a compensatory tendency to give the impression of treating each of the people handled' en masse as an individual† (Fairclough 2001 :52) this therefore it begins to become a process of addressing the mass audience, whilst speaking to them as they were Individuals. Thus, showing off an element of conversationalisatlon, not only that, but It begins to show Ideas of Informality with the language used throughout articles etc___ However when looking deeper into the Issue. we begin to see that this is only a cover-up, an attempt to give the impression that they are speaking on an informal, one-to-one basis.This therefore shows elements of manipulation; giving us, as the udience a false sense of intimacy, or fake intimacy (Hoggart 1957) with the writer. Furthermore this begins to signify the phoney sense of belonging we have with the text given, we are not seen as being an individual but as a collective group of people. Falrclough would t herefore describe and label the concepts spoken above as conversationallsation. As we begin to progress, we begin to see a clear difference In both private and public outputs. â€Å"People do not expect to be spoken down to, lectured or got at'.They expect to be spoken to in a familiar, friendly and informal anner as they were equals on the the same footing as the speaker† (Scannell, 1996:24) not only does this relate to radio and television, but it could be incorporated into the magazine and Journalist Industry. People reading Journalistic products such as ELLE magazine; expect to be treated In a certain way, a way In which Is Informal, conversational In order to gain that Illusion of Individualisation, rather than them addressing the audience as a whole.Conversationalisation is a â€Å"term used by Fairclough (1994:260) who describes it as ‘a restructuring of the boundary between ublic and private orders of discourse' Fairclough also notes that it involves the use of language that is normally associated with conversation† (Baker 2011 :22) because of tnls, we can Degln to see tnls development Detween tne relatlonsnlp 0T tne speaker and reader therefore creating this emotional connection, rather than it Just being informational.Furthermore â€Å"it could be argued that in capitalist societies, conversationalisation is often used as a way of securing customer loyalty by helping them create the appearance of a personal relationship† (Baker 2011 :23) this therefore inks back to the idea that companies/ in this case ELLE magazine writers have the ability to address a mass audience, but making them feel like they are being spoken to individually. And when it builds this relationship with the reader, they are able to exploit them through subtle, inclusive language.The editor's letter from ELLE magazine, shows off similar ideas of this informality of conversationalisation, we as the audience, when reading this text, may see it as being some thing you would sit amongst friends and chat about, thus giving that informal conversation (e. . â€Å"l wanted to pick the star of the show, the person you all want to date – sorry I mean meet) this shows that Joke like attitude women may converse in when with their girlfriends. Thus showing, in essence a form of popular opinion, allowing the readers to feel some sort of connection.Not only this, but specific language used throughout texts of this nature, i. e. fashion magazines, show a clear representation of that conversation amongst friends. And like said previously, the writer begins to address you as an individual, rather than a collective group. This therefore is a clear representation of language; that they are being supportive friends therefore helping another friend out in need. Lexical features are also used throughout this text in order to reinforce the idea of the writer personally addressing their ideas to an individual.For example, pronouns such as; l, you and we are used throughout this text, to make the reader feel connected to this historical fashion debut. An example of this would be; â€Å"this is the first time in ELLE's 27-year history we have put a man on the cover. I didn't take the decision lightly- after all, this is a LUXARY fashion magazine for women† not only is it addressing all women, whom have some sort of interest in fashion, but it begins to show off an element that, you as the reader had some sort of insight in picking and being a part of this event.Not only this, but the editor begins to apologise to those, whom thought R-Patz (Robert Pattinson) would grace their historical cover. â€Å"l feel I have to apologise to the R-Patz fans who hoped our first-ever cover man would be him (and told me repeatedly on Facebook and Twitter! ) Again, with the synthetic personalisation aspect, we begin to see that there is a clear formality of the writer-reader element. The fact they apologised, signifies the element of inti macy, thus allowing those to thought he would grace the cover, some clarification into why they chose David Beckham instead.When analysing the editor's letter in more detail, we begin to see the use of pronouns and how the language and context it is used in conforms to the idea of togetherness. The pronoun; we, is used during the letter, this therefore shows the representation of a hared identity of the audience, not only that but it becomes clear that the language used is in a specific way in which creates the idea of a togetherness for the audience, that they feel a part of this.The pronouns used do not Just simply and directly conform to the friendly stereotype between writer-reader but, they are also used in terms of exclusively, where there used amongst the editorial team therefore contributes to† setting up the producer as a team; the anonymous group voice is a Trlen01y gossip In tne orlentatlon Deneatn tn 5/6) tnls tnereTore hows that the editorial team act like a famil y, in which create the illusion of a wider- social informal friend-like association between writer-reader.For example â€Å"l knew I had made the right decision as I noted the giddiness among the editorial team before the shoot† this shows the clear representation of the pronouns used in order create the family-like background for the reader, it signifies a family into which collectively decides on what is right. And because of this, we as the audience/reader feel like this is addressing us on a personal/individual level. Not only does language ncorporate the idea of directly addressing an individual rather than a collective group, but the use of parenthesis can also create the idea of a quiet word between friends, therefore backing up this element.Within the editor's letter from ELLE â€Å"we have done two covers for the newsstand issue (so you can go out and buy the alternative, too) and a very SPECIAL illustrated collectors' cover for our loyal and much-valued subscribers (weVe also made a video for your eyes only, subscribers† with this, it represents ideas that if you are a loyal subscriber you can get extra ontent etc.. which therefore could symbolise ideas of your much closer friends. Therefore you are able to talk more and gain a more insightful understanding of the content. However this could be represented in a completely different light.The fact that this may mean the exploitation of individuals, in which creating the idea that you can get more from this issue if you become a subscriber, therefore reinforces the capitalist society. Overall when looking at what has been said, I can conclude that synthetic personalisation has played a massive part in the print industry, focusing ore on the fashion magazine ELLE, the fact we are able to see and understand the linguistic features used in order to create this illusion of a friendship connection between writer and reader and how, they have used their power in order to manipulate the audience .And because of this, the audience finds it more helpful knowing that they have some sort of â€Å"friend† to lend a helping hand. Not only that, but because the private and public have started to merge, we are seeing elements of public events being used for private consumption. But people are able to interpret hings different when there in private, than they could if they were in public.But overall, there are so many elements in ELLE magazine which represent the linguistic attributes in exploiting an audience through language and grammer.

The Education Of African American Children - 2063 Words

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The August Of Awakening - Original Writing - 1837 Words

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This caused the wholeRead MoreBal Gangadhar Tilak2332 Words   |  10 Pagesslogan, Swaraj (Self-Rule) is my birth right and I shall have it with which he r oused a sleeping nation to action, making Indian people aware of their plight under a foreign rule. Eventually Tilak was jailed by the British for his â€Å"seditious† writings. This imprisonment did not dampen Tilak’s enthusiasm and the fire of patriotism kindled by him began to burn more and more fiercely. By that time he was the unquestioned leader of the Indians — the uncrowned king. Thus he was known as the Tilak MaharajRead MoreSpeech by Nathuram Godse in the Court (Assassinated Mahatma Gandhi)2421 Words   |  10 Pagesused publicly to take part in organized anti-caste dinners in which thousands of Hindus, Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, Chamars and Bhangis participated. We broke the caste rules and dined in the company of each other. I have read the speeches and writings of Dadabhai Nairoji, Vivekanand, Gokhale, Tilak, along with the books of ancient and modern history of India and some prominent countries like England, France, America and Russia. Moreover I studied the tenets of Socialism and Marxism. But aboveRead More James Joyce:A Portrait of the Artist Essay2395 Words   |  10 Pages That summer was a very important one in Joyces life. For some time he had been having impure thoughts and feelings and decided finally to throw off the hypocrisy of the church. He began visiting brothels in Dublin, experimenting with his awakening sexuality. This was the real point in which he turned away from the Catholic church. In A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Joyce makes this statement, roughly equating to this point in his life: I will not serve that in which I no longerRead MoreFilipino People and Exposition Grounds Rizal4073 Words   |  17 Pagesprecious for him to waste. He spent them frugally(matipid) and fruitfully. He used most of his time in the reading room of the Bibliotheque Nationale (National Library) checking up his historical annotations on Morgan’s book, in his living quarters writing letters to his family and friends, in the gymnasium for his daily physical exercises, and visiting his friends.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In his spare hours(ekstrang oras), Rizal used to dine at the homes of his friends, such as the Pardo de Taveras, the VenturasRead MoreGandhi and the Foundations of a Bloodless Revolution Essay examples2464 Words   |  10 Pagestravel to Great Britain for his education. Gandhi chose to go in spite of the warnings of the leaders of the caste and was essentially exiled from the caste (Hay, â€Å"Two Worlds† 319). This interaction, along with many others, influenced his later writings on the caste system in India and caused him to call for equality between the castes. In a booklet on the caste system that he published in 1937, Ghandi says, If varna (caste level) reveals the law of one’s being and thus the duty one has to performRead MoreModifying the Story Summer Solstice Through the Screenplay Tatarin4949 Words   |  20 Pageshas subtle reasons on modifying Summer Solstice. The students were asked to read the original novel and later watch the film to analyze the distinctions of both works. The subjects thought that the novel was confusing and that the film barely did anything to explain it. Their observations were then compared and our assumptions were somehow accurate. This research supports the idea that modifications to the original story have a major effect on the film version and its essence is changed as a film.